Ukraine is important to world energy markets because it is a critical transit center for exports of Russian oil and natural gas to Eastern and Western Europe, as well as a major energy producer and consumer in its own right.

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GENERAL BACKGROUND

The state of Ukraine's economy continues to be one of the most important issues for this relatively young nation. Almost six years after independence, Ukraine is still struggling to convert its old Soviet style economy to a more market oriented, western style economy. From 1991 to 1995 Ukraine's economy suffered declines in real GDP of more than 10% each year. But, this decline slowed slightly in 1996 to 10% and is expected to slow to 5% for 1997. Some analysts project GDP to begin growing moderately starting in 1998. However, political conflicts between the Kuchma administration and the parliament over economic reforms stalled the economic recovery process. As of May 1997, the parliament had failed to pass the 1997 budget and to enact an economic reform package first unveiled in December 1996. The reform legislation includes tax reform, deregulation, sound fiscal policy, and a variety of financial and structural reforms. These conflicts have jeopardized bank loans and foreign investments designed to assist Ukraine's ailing economy. GDP for 1997 is now projected to fall 5%, but if the Kuchma administration and parliament reach an agreement on these economic reforms, Ukraine's economy could experience sustained growth starting in 1998.

Ukraine's relations with its largest and perhaps most important neighbor Russia, is always an important issue. In some ways Ukraine has a mutually beneficial relationship with Russia. For example, while Ukraine may depend heavily on Russian oil and gas exports, Russia relies on Ukrainian pipelines for 95% of its gas exports to Europe. Despite this mutual dependence, relations with Russia often turn contentious. At times, Ukraine has used Russian dependence on its pipelines as a bargaining tool to extract higher transit fees while Russia has accused Ukraine of removing transit supplies.

In an attempt to decrease its dependence on Russian exports, Ukraine is actively seeking foreign investment in its oil and gas industries to increase domestic production of energy resources and to develop methods of bypassing Russian pipelines. Ukraine produces only a small percentage of the oil and gas it needs every year and relies heavily on imports especially from Russia. Since joining the World Bank in 1992, Ukraine has received loans for twelve projects, four of which were for the energy sector: a $114 million loan to rehabilitate hydro plants, a $317 million loan to support electricity marketing improvements, a $15.8 million coal pilot project loan, and a $300 million coal sector adjustment loan. The State Statistics Committee reported in August 1997 that for the first half of 1997 foreign investment was up 75% as compared to the same period for 1996 attracting $335.5 million. It brought the total direct foreign investment in Ukraine to $1.65 billion. The Committee also reported that, since Ukrainian independence, 19% of the total foreign investment came from the United States, followed by Germany at 10%, the Netherlands at 9.7%, Britain at 7.9%, and Russia at nearly 7%.

The key to attracting foreign investors is Ukraine's privatization program for its energy industries. Although progress has been made, many obstacles remain. Valuing Ukrainian enterprises is nearly impossible. The Ukrainian constitution guarantees private ownership but still prohibits foreigners from buying land. Acquiring a controlling block of shares has proved difficult for foreign investors because many companies have already sold large packages of shares to workers, local residents, and trust funds. Share holders such as workers tend to block restructuring, and trust fund shares are sold at much higher prices than their normal value. Finally, conflicts between the president, the prime minister and parliament and other internal political conflicts have caused significant delays in instituting the economic reforms needed for the privatization process to move forward. In the last year, Viktor Pynzenyk, Ukraine's top economic reformer, resigned over budget battles with parliament and President Kuchma removed from office Bohdan Babiy, head of the state oil and gas committee, and Viktor Chebrov, head of the Derzhkomatom nuclear body for failing to fulfill their duties. In addition, Prime Minister Lazarenko continued to be plagued by accusations that he improperly helped United Energy Systems dominate the sale of natural gas in Ukraine as part of a gas trading plan that granted rights to import and distribute gas to a handful of well-connected companies. Lazarenko eventually resigned under pressure in July 1997 and was replaced by Valery Pustovoitenko.

OIL

Ukraine's oil industry continues to rely heavily on Russian oil exports. At times, Ukraine's ability to pay for these supplies has been limited resulting in huge debts. In 1994, Russia began limiting oil shipments to Ukraine because of these debts, and as partial payment, Ukraine gave Russia a 30% stake in Ukrneftegaz. In October 1994, Ukraine and Russia negotiated a friendship treaty which increased Russian oil exports to Ukraine to 400,000 b/d.

Russian oil is also a source of revenue for Ukraine. Large portions of Russian pipelines run through Ukrainian territory and Ukraine charges tariffs for their use. In 1996, Ukraine increased Russia's oil transit tariff from $4.50 to $5.20 per metric ton. For 1996, Russia paid Ukraine $200 million in oil transit fees, $75 million on the Dnieper pipeline, and $125 million on the Druzhba (Friendship) pipeline. However, Ukraine announced in June 1997 that it would not increase tariffs on Russian oil being transported through the Druzhba export pipeline. Meanwhile, Russian oil companies are considering construction of a new 155 mile eastern branch of the Perm-Saratov-Novorossiisk pipeline in order to avoid transporting oil through Ukrainian pipelines and paying transit fees. In addition, Lukoil, one of Russia's largest oil companies, announced in January 1997 that it was considering buying shares in three Ukrainian oil refineries located in Drogobych, Kherson, and Odessa. In July 1997, Russia's Rosneft announced that it would bid for a 45% stake in the ailing Lisichansk refinery. In return for the sell off, Ukraine required promises from potential bidders to repay the refinery's $230 million debt and guarantee annual crude deliveries of 120,000 b/d over the next seven years.

Over the last year, Ukraine also took steps towards reducing its dependence on Russian oil exports. In January 1997, a Black Sea ferry link opened between Georgia and Ukraine. It represented a first step towards opening a transport corridor for oil from Azerbaijan to Ukraine. Ukraine has long term plans to build an oil pipeline to connect the Black Sea port of Odessa with the Druzhba export pipeline. The plan also includes an additional oil terminal in Odessa. The system would allow Ukraine to supply local refineries with oil coming from Azerbaijan via Georgian ports and the Black Sea or Mediterranean region. About 62 miles of the 500-mile pipeline has already been completed with a total cost estimated at $400 million. To cover the cost, Ukraine will invest $200 million itself and is seeking a $200 million loan from a foreign bank to make up the difference. In June 1997, Ukraine signed an agreement with Turkey to build a 350-mile pipeline from the Turkish port of Ceyhan to the port of Samson on the Black Sea coast. The joint venture would build a pipeline with an initial capacity of 800,000 b/d carrying crude oil from Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia to a new loading terminal at Samsun. The oil would then be shipped to a new import terminal at Odessa for distribution to Ukrainian refineries and the Druzhba (Friendship) pipeline.

Ukraine is also looking to further develop its own oil reserves and production through foreign investments. Several foreign oil companies have shown significant interest in Ukraine's oil industry. Shell announced in January 1997 that it was making progress in talks with the Ukrainian government over Black Sea oil reserves exploration. The company may invest up to $1 billion in natural gas pipeline and oil drilling projects. In June 1997, Houston-based Fountain Oil Inc. announced that it was acquiring a license to pursue a second Ukrainian exploration and drilling project in the Stynawske oil field. The project is a joint venture with Ukraine National Oil Co. (Ukranafta) and Fountain will have a 45% share in any oil sold from the Stynawske oil field. As of June 1997, Fountain invested $1.6 million in Stynawske and planned to invest an additional $11 million. Drilling is expected to begin in late 1997. Currently, Stynawske's wells are producing 280 b/d, but Fountain is hoping for much higher oil production. Fountain already owns a 40.5% interest in a joint venture with Ukranafta to redevelop the Lelyaki field near Kiev. In addition, two Canadian companies, Odyssey Petroleum Corp. and Trident Exploration Ltd., announced plans to further develop the Dolina oil field, located in western Ukraine, in a joint venture with Ukranafta. The field yields 4,000 b/d and the companies project an increase production to about 40,000 b/d. The companies plan to start the project in the summer of 1997.

Privatization of Ukrainian Oil Refining

As part of its plan to increase domestic oil production, Ukraine embarked on an extensive privatization program for its oil industry. Ukrainian efforts towards privatization began in 1992, but over the last five years the oil industry remained virtually untouched. Oil companies were converted into state-owned joint-stock companies, but further attempts at reform did not occur until this year. The Ukrainian government has now adopted an individualized approach to privatization for each sector of the economy. The oil refining sector is currently in the process of privatization with five of the six refineries already in private hands. In a program developed by the State Property Fund of Ukraine, (SPF) each refinery has its own privatization plan with the distribution of shares varying from refinery to refinery. The plans share four characteristics: preferential subscription to employees in which shares are purchased either with cash or privatization certificates (PCS) at their normal value, sales to financial intermediaries and Ukrainian citizens for PCS and compensation certificates (CCs) in special monthly PC and CC auctions, investment tenders for strategic investors for cash, and state ownership of between 14 percent and 33 percent. Most shares have been distributed for PCS and CCs with little cash being invested in the refineries. The Neftekhimik Prikarpatya refinery (formally Nadvirna refinery) has undergone the most privatization with over 40 percent of shares already distributed. The Galychina refinery (formally Dogobych refinery) is next with almost 40 percent of shares distributed followed by the Lysychansk refinery at roughly 25 percent, the Kherson refinery at 24 percent, and the Odessa refinery at about 20 percent. The Kremenchug refinery has not begun the process of privatization and remains a closed joint-stock company.

NATURAL GAS

Ukraine's gas industry continues to be plagued by huge debts caused mostly by unpaid gas bills. Ukrainian gas consumers have run up billions of dollars worth of debt with the help of lax controls on non-paying customers and government subsidies for domestic consumption. This left the country's gas suppliers without money to pay for imports. In an attempt to alleviate the debts, the Cabinet of Ministers issued a resolution which allowed gas companies to cut off gas supplies to companies and individuals who refused to pay their bills. The resolution also ordered debtors to pay off outstanding debts by October 1, 1997.

Ukraine's gas industry relies heavily on gas imports, primarily from Russia and Turkmenistan. In recent years, both countries have halted and reduced gas supplies due to Ukraine's inability to pay off large debts, but recently some progress has been made. In May 1997, Ukraine reportedly paid off 90% of its 1996 gas debt owed to the Russian gas company Gazprom. In addition, Ukraine confirmed that it agreed to pay a $302 million debt for supplies of natural gas from Turkmenistan for 1996 and the first four months of 1997.

However, in July 1997, Gazprom reduced gas deliveries to Ukraine by 1 bcf in an attempt to force the Ukrainian government to pay off an outstanding $100 million debt. United Energy Systems and Intergaz, Ukraine's two leading gas distributors, owed Gazprom up to $150 million. Turkmenistan had also cut off gas supplies to the Ukraine due to unpaid debts of $200 million dollars. Ukraine and Turkmenistan brokered a deal to satisfy the debt in May 1997 where Ukraine would receive up to 700 bcf/yr of natural gas from Turkmenistan in exchange for Ukrainian goods and services in addition to partial payment in hard currency. The agreement also changed the delivery terms where Ukraine would purchase gas at the Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan border. Ukrgaz would then ship it across Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. However, the deal crumbled by mid-May over a $205 million debt owed to Turkmenistan by gas trader Itera.

In late 1996, Ukraine and Russia signed contracts for supplying natural gas to Ukraine for 1997. Russia is expected to deliver nearly 1.9 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in 1997 including 1.06 Tcf as a payment for gas transit via Ukraine. Russia is also expected to send 4.6 Tcf across Ukraine in 1997. Ukraine is expected to produce 530 bcf of indigenous natural gas in 1997. Concurrently, negotiations between the two countries continues regarding a joint venture to construct the Torzhok-Dolina pipeline. The main purpose of the proposed pipeline is to increase the flow of Russian transit gas.

Despite the huge debts, Ukraine continued attempts at developing and reforming its gas industry. In early 1997, the Ukrainian government created a Ukrainian gas resources consortium. The consortium is designed to provide mutual settlements for gas consumed, transport services, and improvement of gas supplied to consumers. In June 1997, the United Kiev Resources reported on the Rudovsko-Krasnozavodskoye gas condensate field, the largest but not fully developed onshore gas field in Ukraine. United Kiev with its Ukrainian partner Poltavaneftegaz, a subsidiary of the Joint Stock Company, Ukrnafta, the Ukrainian State Oil Producing Enterprise, began drilling five development wells in the most prolific part of the field. The company had already made significant progress on all five of the wells and expected to reach targeted depths in four by the end of fall 1997 and by January 1998 in the fifth. In addition, United Energy Systems of Ukraine, which supplies nearly a third of Ukraine's gas market, announced plans to extend gas pipelines serving Ukrainian and Russian gas shipments to Europe.

As for foreign investments, Ukraine's gas industry endured some gains and losses. In January 1997, Marathon announced that it had pulled out of Ukraine where it had plans to invest up to $200 million in exploring the Poltava natural gas field. Marathon cited unanswered questions surrounding issues such as licensing, gas marketing, security of investment, and tax and legal stability, although it did not rule out the possibility of returning if these issues were resolved. However, also in January 1997, Ukraine received almost $80 million in financing from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to install one million gas meters. The goal of the project is to promote more efficient use of gas, improve energy conservation, and provide a basis for private initiative in the Ukrainian gas sector. In May 1997, U.S. Vice President Al Gore and President Leonid Kuchma signed a joint initiative to develop Ukraine's gas sector. U.S. Vice President Gore also indicated that the administration would eliminate the annual congressional review of Ukraine's most-favored-nation trade status giving Ukraine more secure access to U.S. markets. Moreover, in June 1997, TransCanada Pipelines, a Canadian company, signed an agreement with state owned Ukrgazprom worth $26.3 million to modernize sections of the 869 mile gas pipeline between Dolina and Ukraine's western boarder.

COAL

During the 1990s, Ukraine's coal industry witnessed a steady decline in employment and production. In 1990, the coal industry employed 961,000 workers as compared to 671,000 today. In 1994, over 4% of the county's workforce was employed in the coal industry, but by 1996, employment in this industry had declined by 24%. Between 1990 and 1995 production fell by 50% and exports fell from 22.04 mmst to 2.64 mmst.

Problems for Ukraine's coal industry continues to mount in 1997. In April 1997, Ukraine's Cabinet of Ministers approved a program to close 82 unprofitable coal mines employing 100,000 workers by 1999. In June 1997, Ukrainian coal miners, who had not been paid for nearly eight months, protested in the streets of Kiev as their leaders entered talks with the government over a settlement. The miners vowed to continue their protests until the government agreed to pay months of back pay. Back wages total nearly 1.4 billion hryvna or $765 million. The protests followed strikes by coal miners in January 1997. At the time, between 13 and 19 of Ukraine's 236 mines were on strike.

Despite the continued decline, the troubled industry did receive some assistance. The World Bank approved a $300 million loan in January 1997 to aid the Ukrainian government while it implemented a thorough reform of the coal industry. The money would support safe closure of mines, retraining, relocation of workers to other mines, and the transfer of social services. In addition, the British Know How Fund, in March 1997, appointed IMC Economic Consultants to advise the Ukrainian government on large-scale coal industry restructuring in a socially responsible manner.

ELECTRICITY

Within the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Ukraine is the second-largest producer and consumer of electricity. In 1995, it produced 180.1 billion kilowatt-hours (kwh) and consumed 167.5 billion kwh. Yet, Ukrainian power plants continue to have problems managing large debts. These debts have accumulated for two reasons. First, the government had not forced consumers to pay for electricity received, and second, the average electricity prices did not cover the cost of production. To combat these problems, the government started cutting off delinquent customers in mid-1995 and the National Electricity Regulatory Commission began setting prices in July 1995. However, by mid-1996, electricity consumers still owed Ukrainian power plants approximately $1.6 billion, while the plants owed even more to their suppliers. At times, power plants were unable to purchase fuel which in turn led, to occasional power outages. In October 1996, electricity was cut off in several districts of Kiev and the Dnieper and Donbas regions due to fuel shortages.

Over the last year, the Ukrainian government continued its efforts to stabilize the electricity industry. In March 1997, Ukrainian officials created a modern, western-style wholesale electricity market that was hailed by western economists as the best in the former Soviet Union. The hope was that it would create a more efficient market and eventually offer cheaper power to Ukrainian industry and its citizens. Over the following three months however, the system failed to live up to its potential mostly due to non-payments and state intervention. The failure of these market reforms threatened a $317 million World Bank loan granted to help develop the Ukrainian electricity market. The Ukrainian government responded by passing a series of resolutions designed to improve payment discipline and also committed to selling-off regional electricity companies. However, in August 1997, the World Bank suspended the loan, citing the government's failure to fulfill the terms of the loan which included increasing electricity rates. At the time of the suspension, $26 million had been disbursed under the loan.

As part of its strategic plan to privatize Ukraine's electricity sector, the Ukrainian government announced in May 1997, plans to accelerate privatization of four electric generating companies and twenty-seven distribution companies. The four generating companies are Dniproenergo, Donbasenergo, Centrenergo, and Zakhidenergo. Ukraine will receive help in developing this privatization plan from the British Know How Fund and Schroders, an international investment bank.

On June 23, 1997, the Ukrainian and Russian electrical grids were interconnected for the first time in 18 months. The connection had been severed by Russia because of the high instability of the Ukrainian grid. The interconnection will help to stabilize the Ukrainian grid and reduce the need for unscheduled stoppages of nuclear power plants, and may also enable Ukraine to export more electricity. The increased revenue from these exports could allow the government to complete construction of two VVER-1000 nuclear reactors at Khmelnitsky-2 and Rovno-4 without western financing.

Nuclear Energy

Ukraine's nuclear energy sector continues to be a significant and sometimes controversial part of its electricity industry, especially the Chernobyl nuclear power complex. In May 1997, the Ukrainian government considered sweeping administrative reforms which could shake up the country's nuclear infrastructure. One of the proposals before the government would merge the current nuclear power committee, Goscomatom, with the energy ministry, and lower the status of the environment ministry to a state committee. The government hoped to submit a final proposal at the end of May 1997. Also in May 1997, the U.S. and Ukraine announced the start of negotiations on a nuclear cooperation agreement which could lead to significant U.S. nuclear related exports like fuel and reactors. In December 1996, the Ukrainian government announced that it was going to authorize the work needed to restart the Chernobyl-2 nuclear reactor by the end of 1997. On June 27, 1997, the Ukrainian government formally announced that the Chernobyl-1 nuclear reactor would be decommissioned without further operation. The decree was in compliance with the December 1995 Chernobyl Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed with the G-7 countries, the Moscow nuclear safety summit of April 1996, and Ukraine's nuclear energy act all of which require the decommissioning of the Chernobyl complex by 2000. The No. 1 reactor shut down November 30, 1996 for a major engineering reassessment mainly to check the state of fuel channels. Until now, the government had not stated whether or not the shutdown was temporary or permanent. Cost estimates for reactor retubing had run into the hundreds of millions of dollars and these costs would not be recovered by 2000 when the plant is scheduled to close permanently. However, financial arrangements for decommissioning Chernobyl-1 have not been resolved. Moreover, Westinghouse Electric Corporation received a $10 million contract to manage implementation of operational and safety improvements of $125 million at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. A Project Management Unit will coordinate the construction of a liquid radioactive waste treatment plant and a spent fuel interim storage facility. These projects are in preparation for decommissioning of the Chernobyl power plant. The project is funded with a grant from the Nuclear Safety Account of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

In June 1997, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development met to consider releasing a loan to Ukraine for completion of two controversial nuclear power plants, Khmelnitsky-2 and Rovno-4. The G-7 asked the bank to lend Ukraine $370 million towards completion of the reactors as part of $3 billion aid package promised to Ukraine in return for closing down the Chernobyl complex. The G-7 wants Chernobyl closed, but also wants Ukraine to be less dependent on Russian gas supplies. The loan is controversial because two independent reports concluded that the reactor projects did not meet the bank's "least cost" criteria. These reports recommended other alternatives such as gas-fueled power plants. Others like environmentalists and European parliamentarians have objected to the project citing low safety standards at existing Ukrainian power plants. The Ukrainian government maintains that if western countries do not help to finance alternative power plants, they will be forced to continue operating at least one Chernobyl reactor.

COUNTRY OVERVIEW
President: Leonid Kuchma (next election scheduled: 10/99)
Prime Minister: Valery Pustovoitenko
Independence: December 1, 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Population (7/96E): 50.9 million
Location/Size: Western edge of former Soviet Union/233,090 square miles, slightly smaller than Texas
Major Cities: Kiev (Capital), L'viv, Odessa, Kharkiv, Donetsk
Languages: Ukrainian (official), Russian, Romanian, Polish
Ethnic Groups (1996E): Ukrainian (73%), Russian (22%), Jewish (1%), Other (4%)
Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic, Protestant, Jewish
Defense (6/95): Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Navy Internal Troops, National Guard, Boarder Troops

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
Currency: Hryvna
Official Exchange Rate (11/11/96): $1 = 1.86 hryvna
Gross Domestic Product (GDP - market exchange rates) (1996): $46.5 billion
Real GDP Growth Rate (1997E): -5%
Inflation Rate (1996E): 40%
Unemployment Rate (1996E): 1.5%
Trade Balance (1996E): -$4.1 billion
Exports (1996E): $14.1 billion
Imports (1996E): $18.2 billion
Major Export Products: Coal, electric power, metals, chemicals, machinery, grain, meat
Major Import Products: Oil, gas, transportation equipment, machinery and parts, textiles, chemicals
Major Trading Partners: Russia, Belarus, Moldova, China, Turkmenistan, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Germany

ENERGY OVERVIEW
Proven Oil Reserves (1996E): 595 million barrels
Oil Production (1996E): 97,000 barrels per day (b/d), of which 71,000 b/d was crude oil
Oil Production Capacity (1996): 100,000 b/d
Oil Consumption (1996E): 400,000 b/d
Crude Refining Capacity (1/1/97): 1.25 million b/d
Net Oil Imports (1996E): 300,000 b/d
Natural Gas Reserves (1996E): 69 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)
Natural Gas Production (1996E): 0.6 Tcf
Natural Gas Consumption (1996E): 2.8 Tcf
Natural Gas Imports (1996E): 2.2 Tcf
Coal Production (1996E): 80 million short tons (mmst)
Coal Consumption (1996E): 80 mmst
Electricity Generation Capacity (1995): 54.2 gigawatts
Electricity Production (1995): 180.1 billion kilowatthours

ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW
Total Energy Consumption (1995): 6.3 quadrillion Btu
Energy Consumption per Capita (1995): 122.5 million Btu (vs. 331.8 million Btu in U.S.)
Energy-related Carbon Emissions (1995): 105.5 million metric tons (1.7% of world carbon emissions)
Carbon Emissions per Capita (1995): 2.0 metric tons (vs. 5.42 metric tons in U.S.)
Major Environmental Issues: Air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination in the northeast from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

ENERGY INDUSTRY
Organization: Minenergo (government agency that oversees all of Ukraine=s fossil-fuel-fired power plants, as well as its transportation and distribution systems); Ukrneft (national oil company and umbrella organization for other state-owned oil enterprises); Chernomorneftegaz (offshore production association); Ukrneftegaz (state oil and gas production company); Goskomatom (state committee responsible for the country=s use of nuclear power).
Major Oil/Gas Fields: Poltava-Province/Dnepro-Donetsk Basin, West Ukrainian/Carpathian Fields, Crimea, Arkhangelskoye (NW Crimea) Field, and the Sea of Azov
Major Oil Ports: Odessa, Sevastopol, Feodosiya
Oil Export Pipelines Crossing Ukraine: Friendship (Druzhba) (1.2 million b/d), Eastern Products (30,000 b/d)
Major Oil Refineries (1/1/97 crude processing capacity): Lisichansk (481,973 b/d), Kremenchug (360,000 b/d), Kherson (172,707 b/d); Odessa (78,321 b/d); Drogobich (78,321 b/d); Nadvornaja (74,304 b/d)
Major Foreign Oil Company Involvement: Fountain Oil, Odyssey Petroleum, Trident Exploration
Gas Export Pipelines Crossing Ukraine (Capacity): Northern Lights (0.8 Tcf), Progress (1 Tcf), Shebelinka (0.7 Tcf), Soyuz (1 Tcf), Urengoi (1 Tcf), West Ukraine (0.15 Tcf)
Major Coal Fields: Donets Basin (Donbas), L'viv-Volhynian (West Ukraine), Dneiper (lignite basin)
Nuclear Power Plants (Capacity): Chernobyl 1-3 (2,367 MW), Khmelnitski-1 (950 MW), Rovno 1-3 (1,762 MW), South Ukraine 1-3 (2,850 MW), Zaporozhe 1-6 (5,700 MW)

Links to other sites:
1997 CIA World Factbook - Ukraine
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's International section - Ukraine
U.S. Embassy in Ukraine
BISNIS - the Department of Commerce's Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States

The following link is provided solely as a service to our customers, and therefore should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any position of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) or the United States Government. In addition, EIA does not guarantee the content or accuracy of any information presented in linked sites.

Ukraine's Home Page
Home Page for the United Nation's office in Ukraine
General Information about Ukraine
News and Information about Russia, the CIS, and Baltic countries

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File last modified: September 17, 1997

Contact:

Erik Kreil
ekreil@eia.doe.gov
Phone: (202)586-6573
Fax: (202)586-9753