With the startup of the 10.8 trillion cubic feet Camisea natural gas field, Peru is expected to develop into a significant regional producer and exporter of gas. The country also represents a potentially expanding market for U.S. and other foreign energy companies.

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GENERAL BACKGROUND
Beginning with Alberto Fujimori's election as President on July 28, 1990, Peru has emerged as a major economic success story after two decades of economic deterioration (including hyperinflation and lack of growth) caused by anti-business policies, protectionism, heavy state controls on economic activity, and an active terrorist insurgency. Since President Fujimori was first elected in 1990, Peru's government has dramatically shifted its economic policies towards a more free­market orientation, and has eliminated nearly all trade, investment, and foreign exchange controls.

During late 1996 and the first three months of 1997, Peru endured a hostage crisis at the Japanese ambassador's residence. Until freed by Peruvian government forces in April, the hostages were held by a anti-government guerilla group called the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), founded in 1983. This incident was a psychological setback in Peru's campaign against terrorism, which many had thought was all but over. Beginning in 1980, when the Maoist-inspired Shining Path guerilla movement took up arms, more than 30,000 people had been killed. In recent years, however, Peru's government had largely suppressed terrorism, particularly since a 1992 crackdown highlighted by the government's declaration of a state of emergency.

Peru's economy grew at an average rate of around 8.5% between 1993 and 1995. This growth slowed significantly during 1996, however, largely as a result of monetary and fiscal tightening begun in 1995 in response to an unsustainably high current account deficit (considered Peru's most serious economic problem) and high inflation rates. In 1997, Peru's economic growth picked up again, to around 6%-7%, while inflation slowed to between 7% and 8%, the lowest level since 1973. Meanwhile, Peru's international reserves reached $10.5 billion -- the highest level ever -- in October 1997. On November 28, 1997, Peru's Congress approved a budget for 1998 which projects economic growth of 5%, inflation of 8%, exports of $7 billion and imports of $8.75 billion, and a fiscal deficit at 0.3% of gross domestic product (GDP). Economic growth in 1998 is expected to be lower than in 1997 due in part to negative effects from the "El NiZo" weather phenomenon on Peru.

The Peruvian government is proceeding with a wide-reaching privatization program which began in 1991. Between 1992 and 1995, this program raised about $5 billion (plus $4 billion in investment pledges). Recently, privatization has continued at a somewhat slower pace. In 1998, for instance, the program is expected to earn $600 million in revenues for the government. According to Ernesto Mistumasu, head of the state privatization commission (Copri), the government privatized 28 state companies during 1997, and hopes to complete privatization of state companies by 2000. Privatization of state-owned companies is a central element in the government's plans to attract foreign investment and move Peru's economy to a more free-market-oriented stance.

In December 1997, South America's main trading bloc, the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur -- consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay) agreed to extend by six months trade preferences afforded to the Andean Community (ANCOM), of which Peru is a member. ANCOM was set up in March 1996 by leaders of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. At that time, the five national leaders expressed their intent to move towards a single market along the lines of the European Union, although significant policy differences needed to be worked out. In another trade-related development, President Fujimori announced in late November 1997 that Peru had been invited to joint the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.

Questions and controversy continue regarding the legality of President Fujimori possible bid for a third presidential term in 2000, when his current term expires. Although Article 135 of Peru's constitution bars a president from seeking a third term, ambiguity exists as to whether this applies to Fujimori, whose first term started in 1990, prior to adoption of the current constitution. In May 1997, a constitutional tribunal voted against a legal interpretation that would have allowed Fujimori to seek a third term. Following this, the Fujimori-controlled Congress removed three judges from the tribunal, leading to large anti-government protests. In December 1997, Peru's Congress passed a law which Fujimori's opponents claim will allow him to run for a third term. President Fujimori has not indicated publicly whether or not he will run for reelection even if allowed to do so.

Tensions continue to flare up periodically between Peru and its northern neighbor, Ecuador. For more than 50 years, the two countries have disputed a large swath of rain forest now part of Peru. This dispute has resulted in three wars, including a brief one in 1995 in the disputed Cordillera del Condor region along Peru's northeastern border. Peru claims (and Ecuador disputes) that the two countries' border was set under a 1942 treaty known as the Rio Protocol. In early 1997, a round of peace talks between Ecuador and Peru concluded without success. In late November, a second round began. Meanwhile, Peru's President Alberto Fujimori has stated that his government wants a permanent settlement with Ecuador before the end of the century. At the same time, Peru has accused Ecuador of trying to "socially and culturally infiltrate" indigenous communities along the disputed border, and has purchased a fleet of advanced MiG-29 jets from Belarus, sparking fears of a regional arms race.

On December 20, 1997, a dispute between President Fujimori and Peru's top general, Nicolas Hermoza, resulted in fears of a coup d=etat attempt. In the end, however, military units backed down and returned to their barracks. In the days preceding the crisis, President Fujimori had stated that General Hermoza had played no role in rescuing 72 hostages from the Japanese ambassador's residence in April. Fujimori also said publicly that he was considering removing Hermoza, armed forces chief since 1991, from his post.

OIL
Peru's crude oil production fell sharply in the late 1980s and early 1990s, before a modest recovery beginning in 1993. In 1996, however, crude production appears to have fallen once again, with only a slight recovery during the first nine months of 1997. More than half of Peru's total oil production of about 123,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) comes from Occidental Petroleum's Block 1-AB on the disputed border with Ecuador. Argentina's Pluspetrol, Peru's state company Petroperu, and U.S.-based Petro-Tech account for most of the rest. Peru is now badly in need of new oil discoveries, particularly after recent discouraging exploration efforts by Coastal, the U.K.'s Enterprise Oil, and U.S. company Quintana Minerals in Peru's northern jungle region.

In December 1997, U.S. firm Pangaea Peru Energy took over operation of Murphy Oil's Block 71, located in the Ucayali Basin, partly bordering Brazil. Meanwhile, Peru's state oil regulatory company Perupetro announced that it was preparing an international tender for exploration and development contracts in two blocks (36 and 38) located in south central Ucayali north of the giant Camisea natural gas field. Another area (Block 85) in the Ucayali basin was licensed in August 1997 to Mosbacher Energy Co., PanEnergy Corp., and Peru's Buenaventura Ingenieros. Block 85 covers 400,000 acres in Ucayali bordering the Aguaytia natural gas fields being developed by Aguaytia Energy Peru, a group led by Maple Gas of Dallas. In February 1997, Phillips Petroleum signed an oil and gas exploration and development contract with Perupetro for the 3 milllion acre Block 82 located south of Pangaea's Block 71.

In October 1997, Prime Minister (and Energy Minister) Pandolfi announced that Argentina's Pluspetrol Energy S.A. plans to invest $100 million in oil exploration and development in Peru during 1998. Pluspetrol currently is producing oil from Peru's Block 8 area, and is exploring Blocks 54, 79, and 8X. In another development, Olympic Oil signed a 7-year, $12.5 million exploration and production contract on May 30, 1996 for a block on Peru's northwestern coast in the Sechura Basin. Meanwhile, U.S. independent oil company Barrett Resources has estimated that its Block 67 in northern Peru holds up to 2 billion barrels of crude oil. Unfortunately, the oil is most likely heavy and therefore will be difficult to extract and move by pipeline, according to Barrett.

Peru has awarded 40 exploration and production blocks to private firms in auctions in recent years. These include a large block (Z-1) located off the coast of Tumbes in northern Peru. Z-1 was awarded in August to Occidental Petroleum and Perez Companc of Argentina. Peru hopes that favorable government policies, a relatively stable economic and political situation, and an improved security situation will help attract even more foreign oil companies, expand oil production, and help reduce the country's foreign trade deficit (of which fuel imports account for about one-sixth).

In November 1997, Prime Minister Pandolfi announced that privatization of state oil company Petroperu would be completed by the end of 1998. Previous speculation had been that Petroperu's privatization would not be completed until 1999. Pandolfi did not specify whether or not Petroperu would be completely privatized.

Refining, Pipelines, Terminals
Peru's privatization effort in the oil sector kicked off in early June 1996 with the sale of a 60% share in Peru's largest oil refinery -- La Pampilla -- to a consortium of Spain's Repsol, Argentina's YPF, and Mobil Oil for $180.5 million. Petroperu's 62,000 bbl/d-capacity Talara refinery, located in the department of Piura on Peru's northwest coast, is the last significant refinery set to be sold under the country's privatization program. In April 1997, Copri gave Petroperu the go-ahead to sell 60% of Talara, which is Peru's second largest refinery.

In November 1997, Peru announced the terms for operating contracts on Petroperu's 10 oil product terminals. The terminals, all located near the coast, have been divided into three business units -- north, central, and south -- each with storage capacity of about 1 million barrels. On December 15, 1997, three bidders presented credentials for the auction of a 15-year concession on the storage terminals.

NATURAL GAS
In June 1996, Shell and Mobil signed a $2.68 billion contract to develop the giant Camisea natural gas field, which contains an estimated 11 trillion cubic feet of gas and 600 million barrels of condensate. These reserves are found in two reservoirs -- San Martin and Cashiriari -- lying on either side of the Camisea River. Overall, Camisea contains about seven times Peru's total current oil reserves. Shell has a 57.5% share of the contract to develop Camisea, with Mobil owning the remaining 42.5%. Under its contract, the Shell/Mobil consortium has until May 1998 to decide whether or not to move beyond evaluation and proceed with development of Camisea.

Currently, Peru's government is attempting to decide on tax levels for gas produced at Camisea. This, along with winning future customers for the gas, represents a critical issue for Shell and Mobil in determining the project's economic viability. The consortium is particularly concerned that coal from Colombia, imported tax free as part of ANCOM, will make Camisea gas uncompetitive. In October 1997, Peru's Energia del Sur (EnerSur -- a subsidiary of Belgium's Tractabel) signed contracts with Hitachi to supply equipment and oversee construction on two, 125-megawatt thermal plants. The plants are to be equipped with boilers capable of running on either coal or gas, and are to be sited near the port of Ilo where EnerSur's main customer, Southern Peru Copper Corporation, has a huge copper smelter and refinery. Meanwhile, Shell and Mobil also place a high priority on gaining EnerSur as a customer for Camisea gas.

Development of Camisea, the largest gas field in South America, will be made more costly by the fact that it is located in remote jungle more than 800 miles southeast of Lima. Eventually, however, Camisea is expected to turn Peru from a net importer of hydrocarbons to a net exporter. Shell has estimated that Camisea eventually could produce up to 500 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) of gas and 50,000 bbl/d of condensates after it starts production, possibly as early as 1999. Gas and condensates are to be transported across the Andes to Lima (via Pisco on the southern coast) by at least two parallel pipelines beginning in 2001. The pipelines are to be constructed at a cost of $2 billion by a consortium including the Bechtel Group, Odebrecht S.A. of Brazil, and COPASI of Peru. In the Pisco area, the fish industry and an iron-carbide plant represent potential customers for Camisea gas. In Lima, the cement industry would be the largest customer. Also, Shell and Mobil in September 1997 signed a letter of intent with Lima's private electric generating company Etevensa for the purchase of Camisea gas (130 Mmcf/d for 20 years). The gas would be used in Etevensa's 480-megawatt power plant (the country's largest) at Ventanilla, just north of Lima. Currently, the Ventanilla plant is running on diesel.

Besides field development, development of Camisea will involve construction (to be completed by early 2000) of a private 300-megawatt (MW) power plant at Camisea by the U.S. company Intergen, along with Shell and Mobil. The consortium has formed a new company, EnerPeru SRL, to build, own and operate the plant. In addition, Mobil and Shell are required to contract with third parties in constructing two 300-MW electric power transmission lines, one to Peru's central northern grid and another to the south. Major customers for this power could include large mining companies, utilities, and cement manufacturers. If Camisea reaches its potential, it is expected to produce up to $1 billion a year and to attract billions of dollars worth of new industry, including a series of petrochemical facilities, to Peru.

Besides customers within Peru for Camisea gas, Brazil's state oil company Petrobras represents a potentially large foreign customer. Currently, Petrobras has an agreement with Bolivia for large-scale gas deliveries from Bolivia. However, Petrobras has formally asked Bolivia to more than triple deliveries of gas via the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline within five years. Since this may not be possible given Bolivia's gas reserves, the possibility has increased of building (at a cost of at least $800 million) an additional, large-scale pipeline for gas shipments from Camisea connecting to the main Bolivia-Brazil line. On September 4, 1996, a contract to build a $1.9 billion, 1,240­mile pipeline from Santa Cruz, Bolivia to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil was signed. Meanwhile, Brazilian and Peruvian leaders have held talks on possible bilateral energy integration to facilitate gas trade. Brazil is interested in imports of natural gas largely for electricity generation. The Bolivia/Brazil/Peru pipelines could represent an important link in a future regionally integrated gas network for the entire southern cone of South America.

Aguatiya, located north of Camisea, represents another area of significant natural gas development in Peru. In December 1996, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) authorized a $60 million loan to help finance an integrated gas and power project, including a 155-megawatt electric plant, at Aguatiya. The project also includes drilling of five new gas wells and construction of natural gas pipeline and processing facilities. Work will be carried out by a consortium of Maple Gas, PanEnergy, El Paso Energy Development, Illinova Generating, Scudder Latin American Trust for Independent Power, and Power Markets Development Corporation.

ELECTRIC POWER
As of early 1996, Peru had a total of 3,800 megawatts (MW) of installed electric generation capacity. Of this, about 65% was hydroelectric. Thermal plants fired by diesel or fuel oil supplied the remainder. Today, about half of all capacity is operated by wholly- or partially-state-owned companies (including ElectroPeru, Electrica del Sur -- Egesur, Empresa de Generacion Electrica de Arequipa -- Egasa, and Edegel), 30% by mining and industrial self generators, and 20% by private electric generation companies. A free-market legal framework for Peru's electricity industry was established in 1992, under Decree Law No. 25844, Law of Electrical Concessions. This law reversed the 1972 decision to nationalize ElectroPeru. In addition to privatization, the government has reduced subsidies on electricity prices to consumers in recent years. Peru's Ministry of Energy and Mines is responsible for enforcing compliance with laws regarding electricity.

On November 6, 1997, Peru's congress approved legislation limiting firms to a 15% market share in electricity generation, transmission or distribution. The law also allows the government to block any acquisition giving a private company more than a 5% market share in more than one electric power sector. Finally, the legislation gives Peru's government the right to veto any acquisitions deemed contrary to the "national interest." In another matter, Peru's government said in mid-December that it would open up to increased competition the market in equipment used to monitor and verify customers' electricity usage and billing.

Peru's electric power demand is growing rapidly, and is expected to require $300-$350 million annually in investment through 2000. Power demand increases are being driven by population and economic growth, along with expansion of the country's copper mining sector, which is highly energy-intensive. To accommodate this increased demand, several power projects are planned in the near-term, including a 20-30 MW plant at the port of Mollendo, a 20 MW facility near Tacna (in southern Peru near the Chilean border), and expansion of existing capacity by local utilities Egasa and Egem. At present, about 65% of Peru's households and businesses are connected to the national electricity grid. By the year 2000, this share is expected to reach about 75%.

Privatization and attraction of foreign investment is another important part of Peru's strategy to meet power demand growth. In June 1996, ElectroPeru transferred four power plants to its wholly-owned subsidiary Egenor, prior to auctioning off a 60% stake in the company. In late June 1996, U.S.-based Dominion Energy acquired a 60% stake in Egenor for $228 million. Earlier, in December 1995, a consortium led by New Orleans-based Entergy Corporation acquired 60% of Edegel, greater Lima's 700 MW utility, for $425 million in cash and $100 million in external debt paper.

Peru's government intends to continue with power sector privatization by completing the sale of Luz del Sur (the power distribution company for Lima), Edegel (Peru's largest producer of electricity), and Edelnor (power distribution company for northern Peru). In December 1997, Edegel signed a contract with construction company Grana y Montero to build Yanango Hydroelectric plant, 130 miles northeast of Lima. In 1998, state privatization agency COPRI plans to sell the government's remaining share in electric generating and/or distribution companies Electro Norte, Electro Centro, and Egesur.

In April 1997, NorEnergetica, a subsidiary of Illinois-based Peru Power Holdings, signed a $1.5 billion contract with Luz del Sur to build a 500 MW gas-fired power plant in northern Peru. In other developments, Maple Gas is building a 145 MW natural gas-fired power plant in the north-center of the country. The plant is expected to be completed by the end of 1998. In another project, a U.S. consortium made up of Intergen and Community Energy Alternatives was selected in early 1997 to build a 600 MW gas-fired plant in Cuzco as part of the development of Camisea by Mobil and Shell.

The Chilean power company Chilgener in June 1997 agreed to purchase a 29% share in Egenor. Chilgener bought the portion of Egenor for $123 million from Dominion Energy, which continues to hold 11% of the company. The remaining 40% of Egenor is held by ElectroPeru. Egenor owns 405 MW of hydroelectric and thermal power generating capacity at 8 sites. Chilgener's purchase marked the company's entry into Peru's electricity generation sector, where its competitor Endesa already owns 820 MW of generating capacity (including 25.8% of Edegel) with plans for a further 250 MW by 2000. In May 1997, Edegel, which has about 800 MW of installed generating capacity, won the right to supply electricity for 15 years to zinc mining company Cominco. The deal, worth $450 million, is for the Cajamarquilla zinc refinery located near Lima.

An auction for the 217-mile Mantaro-Socabaya high-voltage power line, which will link Peru's northern and southern electric grids, originally planned for November 21, 1997, is currently scheduled for January 15, 1998. Italy's ENEL, the U.K.'s National Grid Group, and Hydro-Quebec of Canada have pre-qualified to bid, with Spain's Red Electrica also expected to submit a bid on the project. Whichever company wins (at an estimated cost of as high as $325 million) will have 36 months to connect the two grids, and a 30-year operating concession.

ENVIRONMENT
Development of Peru's oil and gas resources poses significant environmental challenges. First and foremost, most of Peru's oil and gas is located in largely virgin rainforest, most of which is practically inaccessible and contains rich biodiversity. In addition, the rainforest is home to indigenous peoples, many of whom would be affected by oil and gas development in their region.

The National Environmental Council (Conam) and the Peruvian Institute of Business Administration (IPAE) organized Peru's first national environmental conference -- Ecodialogue '96 -- on April 18-19, 1996. Conam was established in 1995 to coordinate national environmental policy and to promote sustainabledevelopment of the country's natural resources. Ecodialogue provided a forum for discussion of various environmental issues, including: the link between trade and the environment; grassroots participation in environmental impact assessments; debt-for-nature swaps; and the environmental impact of mining and oil industries, particularly on Peru's rainforest.

The conference resulted in broad consensus on concepts but few concrete proposals for action. However, at the end of the conference Conam President Gonzalo Galdos presented an environmental action agenda for 1996-1997. Among other items, this agenda included the following general goals: set up a basic structure for the National Environmental Management System; establish a National Environmental Fund; create a national environmental information system; strengthen national committees on biodiversity, climate change, and desertification; establish regulations for environmental arbitration; and develop institutions to conduct environmental impact assessments.

COUNTRY OVERVIEW
President: Alberto Fujimori (since July 28, 1990; re-elected on April 9, 1995)
Prime Minister: Alberto Pandolfi
Independence: July 28, 1821 (from Spain)
Population (1997E): 24.4 million
Location/Size: Western South America, between Chile and Ecuador; 496,223 square miles (slightly smaller than Alaska)
Major Cities: Lima (capital)
Languages: Spanish (official); Quechua (official); Aymara
Ethnic Groups: Indian (45%); mestizo (37%); white (15%); black, Japanese, Chinese, and other (3%)
Religions: Roman Catholic
Defense (8/96E): Army (85,000), Navy (25,000), Air Force (15,000), Paramilitary Police (66,000)

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
Currency: 1 Nuevo sol (Ns) = 100 centimos
Market Exchange Rate (12/17//97): US$1 = Ns 2.72
Gross Domestic Product (GDP, at market exchange rates) (1996E): $61.3 billion
GDP Growth Rate (1997E): 6%-7%
Inflation Rate (consumer prices, 1997E): 7%-8%
Current Account (1997E): -$3.2 billion
Merchandise Exports (1997E): $6.8 billion
Merchandise Imports (1997E): $8.3 billion
Merchandise Trade Balance (1997E): -$1.5 billion
Major Export Products (1996E): Copper (18%); fish meal (14%); zinc (7%), oil (5%)
Major Import Products (1996E): Raw materials (41%); capital goods (31%); consumer goods (23%)
Major Trading Partners (1997): United States (23% of total trade), Japan (7%), Chile (6%), Colombia (6%), Brazil (5%), Germany (5%), Venezuela (4%), China (4%), U.K. (4%)
Total Foreign Debt (1997E): $30 billion
Foreign Exchange Reserves (1997E): $11.8 billion

ENERGY OVERVIEW
Energy and Mines Minister: Alberto Pandolfi
Proven Oil Reserves (1/1/97): 808.4 million barrels
Oil Production (1997E): 123,000 barrels per day (bbl/d), of which 120,000 bbl/d is crude oil
Oil Consumption (1997E): 152,000 bbl/d
Net Oil Imports (1997E): 29,000 bbl/d
Crude Oil Refining Capacity (1/1/97): 182,250 bbl/d
Natural Gas Reserves (1/1/97): 7.0 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)
Natural Gas Production (1996E): 34 billion cubic feet (Bcf)
Natural Gas Consumption (1996E): 34 Bcf
Recoverable Coal Reserves (12/31/93): 1.17 billion short tons
Coal Production (1996E): 176,000 short tons
Coal Consumption (1996E): 605,000 short tons
Electric Generation Capacity (1/1/96E): 3.8 million kilowatts, about 65% of which is hydroelectric
Electricity Generation (1996E): 16.2 billion kilowatthours

ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW
Total Energy Consumption (1996E): 0.50 Quadrillion Btu
Energy Consumption per Capita (1996E): 20.8 million Btu (vs. 351.9 million Btu in the U.S.)
Energy Consumption per $1987 of GDP (1996E): 17.5 thousand Btu (vs. 16.7 thousand Btu in U.S.)
Energy-related Carbon Emissions (1996E): 6.8 million metric tons (0.1% of the world total)
Carbon Emissions per Capita (1996E): 0.28 metric tons (vs. 5.5 metric tons in U.S.)
Carbon Emissions per thousand $1987 of GDP (1996E): 0.24 metric tons (vs. 0.26 metric tons in U.S.)
Major Environmental Issues: Deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES
Organization: Perupetro, which started operating in 1993, is the state company responsible for overall regulation and licensing of the country's oil and gas industries. Perupetro also negotiates oil and gas contracts with companies to explore and/or produce in Peru. Petroperu is the state oil company and Electroperu is the state electric power company. Regional state-owned electric companies Egenor (for the north of Peru) and Egesur (for the south), as well as state mining company Centromin, are also slated for privatization.
Ports: Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Yurimaguas
Major Natural Gas Field: Camisea
Foreign Energy Company Involvement: Barrett Resources, Coastal, Elf Aquitaine, Enterprise Oil, Exxon, Hanwha Energy, Hyundai, Korean Petroleum Development Corp., Maple Gas, Mobil, Mosbacher Energy, Occidental Petroleum, PanEnergy, Pangaea Peru Energy, Perez Companc, Phillips Petroleum, Pluspetrol, Quintana Minerals, YPF
Pipelines: 500 miles for crude oil; 40 miles for natural gas
Refineries (crude oil capacity): La Pampilla Lima (100,000
bbl/d); Talara (62,000 bbl/d); Iquitos Loreto (10,500 bbl/d); Conchan (6,500 bbl/d); Pucallpa (3,250 bbl/d)

For more information from EIA on Peruiat, please see:
EIA - Country Information on Peru

Links to other sites:
CIA 1997 World Factbook - Peru
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's International section - Peru
U.S. State Department Background Notes on Peru U.S. State Department Consular Information Sheet on Peru
U.S. Trade and Development Agency - Latin America and the Caribbean

The following links are provided solely as a service to our customers, and therefore should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any position of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) or the United States Government. In addition, EIA does not guarantee the content or accuracy of any information presented in linked sites.

Peru's Ministry of Energy and Mines Home Page (in Spanish)
LatinWorld's section on Peru

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File last modified: January 6, 1998

Contact:

Lowell Feld
lfeld@eia.doe.gov
Phone: (202)586-9502
Fax: (202)586-9753

URL: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/peru.htm