Although Israel does not produce significant amounts of energy, it is located strategically for regional energy transit and also is an important variable in the Middle East security situation.

GENERAL BACKGROUND
Over the past several years, Israel has witnessed the following developments: 1) the influx of over 600,000 immigrants -- including many highly-trained engineers and scientists -- from the former Soviet Union; 2) peace treaties with Jordan and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), as well as establishment of relations with numerous Arab states, including Morocco and Tunisia; 3) rapid economic expansion (over 40% growth since 1990), fueled by immigration, the Arab-Israeli peace process, an export and foreign investment boom, development of high technology industries, and implementation of a Free Trade Area Agreement with the United States (on January 1, 1995); 4) withdrawal from large Arab population centers in territories occupied during the 1967 Six-Day War; 5) the assassination of the country's Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995; and 6) the narrow electoral victory on May 31, 1996 of Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister over Labor party head Shimon Peres.

Currently, Israel is facing several serious political and economic problems. These include: 1) an impasse in Israeli-Palestinian peace talks; 2) deteriorating relations with the Arab world, including Egypt and Jordan, both of which have signed peace treaties with Israel; 3) political instability threatening Israel's ruling Likud government (the next regular national elections are scheduled to take place in 2000); 4) an economic slowdown which has, among other things, cut tax revenue and threatened the government's fiscal targets for 1997; 5) continuing policy clashes between the Bank of Israel and the Treasury over fiscal and monetary policies; and 6) labor unrest resulting largely from opposition to Prime Minister Netanyahu's privatization plans. Furthermore, immigration, which helped fuel Israel's strong economic growth in the early 1990s, has now declined substantially.

Overall, Israel's real economic growth is expected to average about 2% in 1997, down sharply from a 6% annual average between 1990 and 1995. Inflation is running at an estimated annual rate of about 9% for 1997, with the Israeli government expecting 7-9% in 1998. Meanwhile, Israel's failure to meet fiscal deficit targets means that monetary policy will have to remain relatively restrictive. Prior to the recent economic slowdown and stalled peace process, the government had planned to cut the overall fiscal deficit from 3.9% of GDP in 1995 to 1.5% by 2001. Cuts in the budget are controversial, however, particularly insofar as they adversely affect social spending and education. By law, a budget must be approved by the Knesset (parliament) no later than December 31, 1997. If no budget is passed by March 31, 1998, the government automatically falls.

In addition to deficit reduction, Prime Minister Netanyahu's government also has indicated its intention to move towards a far-reaching privatization and "sweeping liberalization" of the country's historically state-oriented economy. Over the last decade, Israel has made some progress in the direction of a more open, competitive, market-oriented economy, but Netanyahu would like to go much further. Among other measures, Netanyahu would like to sell off 55 government-owned companies, including El Al airlines, to the private sector. Netanyahu also has backed other economic reforms, including currency liberalization. In July 1997, former Finance Minister Dan Meridor resigned, partly as a result of a clash with Netanyahu on the pace of currency liberalization. Some Israeli economists have warned that eliminating foreign currency controls (such as prohibiting Israelis from holding overseas bank accounts, foreign-currency accounts in Israel, or dollars) might lead to currency flight and a collapse of the shekel. Supporters of liberalization believe that Israel's economy is strong enough to compete globally.

Both privatization and spending cuts are opposed by the Histadrut, Israel's trade union federation and a traditional power base of the rival Labor Party. On December 3, 1997, about 700,000 workers began a nationwide strike, led by the national Histadrut labor federation. The strike was staged in opposition to Prime Minister Netanyahu's economic plans, including pension reform (and cutbacks) and privatization, which organized labor fears will lead to wide-scale layoffs. Workers also were angered by the comment by Netanyahu's Finance Minister Yaacov Neeman that "we don't need enemies from within," which they believed referred to union members. On December 7, the Histadrut agreed to call off its strike following a preliminary agreement with the Finance Ministry.

Israeli exports, which grew rapidly in 1995, stalled in 1996, while imports continued to increase rapidly. As a result, Israel's trade deficit increased sharply during 1996, reaching 6.6% of GDP. This deficit is expected to fall in 1997-98 as a result of slowed imports caused by an economic slowdown. Further exacerbating Israel's current account problems is a decline in tourism revenue caused largely by the stalled peace process. Israel has been working to reduce its trade deficit by increasing its exports. On August 27, 1997, Prime Minister Netanyahu and South Korean President Kim Young Sam signed two agreements, one on telecommunications and the other on technical cooperation, mainly in agriculture. In 1997, bilateral Israeli-South Korean trade is expected to reach $1 billion, up from $720 million in 1996.

Israel has attempted to attract investment from other countries. In 1996, foreign investment in Israel reached a record $2.3 billion, largely in the country's burgeoning high-tech area. In a related area, Israel apparently has decided not to ask for an extension of U.S. loan guarantees into 1998. The guarantees, which allow Israel to borrow money at lower rates of interest than it otherwise could, were originally agreed to in 1992 in order to help Israel absorb hundreds of thousands of new immigrants from the former Soviet Union.

Hopes for Israel's economic integration into the Middle East region were hurt recently by the decision of several Arab countries not to attend the annual Middle East and North Africa (MENA) economic conference, held this year in mid-November in Doha, Qatar. The MENA conference, strongly backed by the United States and aimed at building cooperation between Israel and the Arab world, was boycotted by -- among others -- Egypt, a close U.S. ally and by far the most populous Arab state. Meanwhile, the European Union (EU) recently warned Israel that it would no longer tolerate Israeli exports not originating from its territory, but taking advantage of Israel's preferential customs arrangement with the EU. Currently, the EU represents the main purchaser of Israeli exports, accounting for more than one-third, with the United States close behind.

Politically, Israel is sharply divided at present on the peace process with the Palestinians. The current Israeli Likud government represents a coalition of parties, some of whom are extremely hard-line on this issue, with others (like the opposition Labor party) more willing to compromise. On November 30, 1997, Israel's Cabinet approved Prime Minister Netanyahu's proposal for a limited troop withdrawal from parts of the occupied West Bank. Netanyahu's proposal is extremely controversial with right-wing members of his coalition, who have threatened to bring down his government over the issue of giving back more land to the Palestinians. Currently, the Palestinian Authority controls, in full or in part, 27% of the West Bank.

Since taking power, Netanyahu has demanded that Palestinian authorities do more to fight terrorism as a precondition for movement on peace talks. This has contributed to strained relations both with the Arab world as well as with the United States. Under the Israel-PLO accord agreed to under the previous Labor government of Yitzhak Rabin, the two sides are supposed to reach a final peace settlement by May 1999. On December 2, 1997, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat said that Palestinian statehood was a foregone conclusion. This followed a statement by longtime Israeli hardliner Ariel Sharon (the current Infrastructure Minister) that Israel must "soberly" accept the establishment of a Palestinian state.

ENERGY
With almost no oil or natural gas reserves of its own, Israel depends almost exclusively on imports to meet its energy needs. Traditionally, Israel relied on expensive, long-term contracts with nations like Mexico and Norway for its oil supplies. Improved relations with the Arab world in recent years, however, have encouraged Israel to pursue other, cheaper sources, particularly Egypt. Israel currently receives about 20% of its oil supplies from Egypt.

Israel's decreasing isolation from the rest of the Middle East has been marked in recent years by several important developments. First, Israel has signed peace agreements with Egypt, Jordan, and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Second, the long-standing Arab boycotts (primary, secondary, and tertiary) of Israel have weakened significantly in recent years. Third, Israel has established business and political contacts with several Arab oil and gas producers, including Egypt, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain. In addition, Jordan and Israel concluded an energy accord on August 20, 1996 in line with the bilateral peace treaty signed in October 1994.

Although the Israeli government in principle favors privatization of state-owned companies, the energy sector remains largely nationalized and state-regulated, ostensibly for national security reasons. In fact, little progress on energy sector privatization has been made since the late 1980s, when Paz Oil Company (the largest of three main oil-marketing companies in Israel) and Naphtha Israel Petroleum (an oil and gas exploration firm) were sold to private investors. Meanwhile, other energy companies such as the Oil Refineries Company, which operates Israel's 2 refineries (at Haifa and Ashdod), and the Oil Products Pipeline Company, which operates Israel's oil pipelines, remain state-owned, with no plans to privatize them in the near future. In late July 1996, Infrastructure Minister Ariel Sharon expressed his opposition to plans to privatize the country's national institutions, such as the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC).

OIL
A comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict could affect Middle East oil flows significantly. Israel's geographic location between the Arabian peninsula and the Mediterranean Sea offers the potential for an alternative oil export route for Persian Gulf oil to the West. At present, these oil exports must travel either by ship (through the Suez Canal or around the horn of Africa), by pipeline from Iraq to Turkey (capacity 1-1.2 MMBD), or via the Sumed (Suez-Mediterranean) Pipeline (capacity 2.5 MMBD).

Utilization of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline) could offer another potentially economic alternative. The Tapline was originally constructed in the 1940s with a capacity of 500,000 bbl/d, and intended as the main means of exporting Saudi oil to the West (via Jordan to the port of Haifa, then part of Palestine, now

a major Israeli port city). The establishment of the state of Israel resulted in diversion of the Tapline's terminus from Haifa to Sidon, Lebanon (through Syria and Lebanon).

Partly as a result of turmoil in Lebanon, and partly for economic reasons, oil exports via the Tapline were halted in 1975. In 1983, the Tapline's Lebanese section was closed altogether. Since then, the Tapline has been used exclusively to supply oil to Jordan, although Saudi Arabia terminated this arrangement to display displeasure with perceived Jordanian support for Iraq in the 1990/1 Gulf War. Despite these problems, the Tapline remains an attractive export route for Persian Gulf oil exports to Europe and the United States. At least one analysis indicates that oil exports via the Tapline through Haifa to Europe would cost as much as 40% less than shipping by tanker through the Suez Canal.

Although oil exploration in Israel itself has not proven successful in the past (current Israeli oil output is less than 1,000 barrels per day), drilling is being stepped up. Several foreign oil companies have expressed interest recently in the offshore Mediterranean area. In 1994, Enserch Corp. of Dallas signed an agreement with two Israeli companies to examine a 1,500 square mile area on the Mediterranean coast. Meanwhile, oil was discovered near the Dead Sea town of Arad in August 1996, and is currently flowing at the rate of about 600 barrels per day. In another development, state-owned Israel National Oil Co. announced in late October that, contrary to reports, it had no intentions of drilling for oil in the Golan Heights. Initial indications that Prime Minister Netanyahu's government had approved such oil drilling brought a sharply negative reaction from Syria, which lost the Golan Heights to Israel in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War.

In early July 1997, the contract for construction of a $1.3 billion joint Egyptian-Israeli oil refinery entered into effect. The refinery is to be built near the Egyptian port city of Alexandria, with construction (by Technipetrol of Italy and Technip of France) having begun in May 1997. Middle East Refineries -- a consortium of Israel's Merhav, Egypt's General Petroleum Corporation, and the Hussein K. Salem Group of Egypt -- owns the refinery, which will be the first private oil refinery in Egypt. The refinery is expected to produce 100,000 barrels per day of mostly unleaded gasoline beginning in late 1998 or early 1999.

Other oil developments in 1997 include: 1) Prime Minister Netanyahu met with Azerbaijani President Gaidar Aliyev and discussed, among other topics, the possibility of Azerbaijan supplying oil to Israel; 2) Naphtha Israel Petroleum Corp. acquired -- subject ot approval by the Knesset -- the government's 99.9% stake in the Israel National Oil Corp. for $25.5 million; and 3) Texas-based Caltex Petroleum Corp., along with Israel's Dor Energy, are reportedly considering a joint bid to purchase Oil Refineries Ltd., Israel's second largest state asset with annual sales of more than $2 billion.

NATURAL GAS
As barriers to trade with its Arab neighbors have eroded in recent years, and given Israel's desire to increase the share of natural gas in its fuel mix, Israel has looked seriously at importing gas from several countries. Israel and Egypt, for instance, have discussed a possible "peace pipeline" to transport large volumes of Egyptian natural gas across the Sinai peninsula (or, alternatively, under water) directly to Israel. Whether or not this deal will ever take place, however, is complicated by several factors. For one, Egypt has shown signs that it places higher priority on Turkey as a potential customer. In December 1996, Egypt signed a deal with Turkey making it the most important market for Egyptian gas exports, and raising suspicions that Egypt would abandon its "peace pipeline" to Israel. Economics played a significant role in this decision, with Egypt's Petroleum Minister Hamdi el-Banbi stating in May 1997 that Israel (compared to Turkey, for instance) was too small a market to be of interest to Egypt. Another factor is politics -- namely, a serious deterioration in relations between Egypt and Israel since the right-wing Likud took power on May 31, 1996.

Competition between Egypt and Qatar for the Israeli market also appears to have complicated Israel's negotiations with Egypt. Egypt was angered when Israel signed an accord (at the Middle East economic summit in October 1995) on importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar. Egypt feared this deal might deprive it of a potential buyer and millions of dollars in annual revenues from gas sales to Israel. Under the Israeli agreement with Qatar, Enron Corporation of Houston, Texas (the world's largest natural gas company), announced that it would begin extracting gas from a Qatari field for export to Jordan and Israel beginning in 2001. Enron also was looking into building a gas-fired power plant in Jordan's southern port of Aqaba. In January 1997, according to Enron, Israel chose not to renew a letter of intent for the $300 million joint venture. Dr. Shlomo Brovender, director of the electricity committee at Israel's Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, said there had never been a firm agreement on the Qatari gas project, and that the ministry was focusing mainly on gas from Egypt.

In mid-November 1997, Israel and Egypt resumed negotiations on the proposed gas pipeline across Sinai to Israel. In this round of negotiations, Qatar apparently is offering to help finance the project, but not to supply gas of its own. On November 16, Qatar's Energy Minister Abdullah Bin-Hamad al-Attiyah said that his country would not negotiate any natural gas deal with Israel. Other reports indicated, however, that Israel and Qatar had renewed talks over a natural gas supply deal. Israel also is reported to have talked to Oman about gas from that country.

In December 1995, Israel's Paz Oil Company signed a 50­50 joint venture agreement with Amoco to pursue opportunities in the rapidly evolving Israeli gas sector. Under the joint venture, Amoco will assist in developing transmission, storage, and distribution facilities for gas in the Israeli marketplace. In 1996, Amoco formed an exclusive strategic alliance with Cogen, one of the world's largest private cogeneration companies, with plans to cooperate on building and operating power plants to sell electricity in Israel. Amoco also has reportedly signed a preliminary agreement to pipe Egyptian gas across Sinai, under the Gulf of Aqaba, to Aqaba. While this route would bypass Israel, it leaves open the possibility of building spur lines to Israel off the main pipeline.

Israel has considered natural gas supplies from non-Middle Eastern sources as well. In March 1997, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu met with Russian President Boris Yeltsin, and reportedly discussed possible future Russian gas supplies to Israel. Such a deal could include a pipeline from Russia to Turkey. Another possible supplier of gas to Israel is Norway, which sent a delegation from state oil and gas company Statoil to Israel in August 1997 for talks with IEC and the national infrastrucure ministry regarding possible sale of Norwegian LNG supplies to IEC coastal power plants in Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Ashdod.

In March 1997, Israeli infrastructure officials reportedly decided to reduce to a minimum government involvement in natural gas imports. An Infrastructure Ministry spokesman said that Israel would set guidelines for gas imports, but allow customers and suppliers to reach long-term contracts on their own.

COAL
Israel meets approximately one quarter of its energy demand requirements from coal (primarily for electric power generation). The National Coal Supply Corporation (NSCS) is Israel's government body responsible for securing the country's coal supplies. Since Israel produces no coal of its own, Israel's coal supplies are all imported -- about half from South Africa, with the rest from Colombia (about 20% in 1997), the United States, Australia, and Indonesia.

Overall, NSCS will import about 9.4 million short tons (mmst) of coal in 1997, up from 7.6 mmst in 1996. Israeli coal imports are expected to remain approximately constant for 2-3 years, before rising once again as new coal-fired power plant capacity comes online. Growth in coal demand (and imports) will be driven mainly by rapid growth in electricity demand.

ELECTRICITY
Currently, Israel has about 6.4 gigawatts (GW) of installed electric generating capacity, with 2.6 GW accounted for by coal-fired plants, 2.2 GW by oil-fired units, and 1.6 GW by gas turbines. Driven by rapid economic growth and increased immigration, Israel's electric power demand has grown at an 8% annual rate in recent years. The Israel Electric Corporation (IEC), Israel's national utility, estimates that electric power demand will grow at an average rate of about 5-6% through 2000, and that a doubling of production capacity, to over 12 GW, will be necessary by 2002. To meet this increased demand, IEC is aiming to raise between $1.2 and $1.3 billion a year in financing for generation, transmission, and distribution systems. In early November 1997, IEC announced that it would issue $1 billion of international bonds to help finance its planned six-year, $8.5 billion capital expenditure plan.

IEC currently has three coal-fired plants, with plans to build a fourth (an 1,100-megawatt facility at the Mediterranean Sea port of Ashkelon), scheduled to come on-line in 2000. Construction also has started on a coal unloading pier at Ashkelon to handle 200,000 metric ton vessels. This should lead to savings of $13 million per year in transport costs. Currently, coal is shipped to another port, Ashdod, unloaded, and sent by rail to Ashkelon.

Besides coal and oil, future sources of electric generating capacity may include natural gas supplies, particularly from Egypt and/or the Persian Gulf region (depending on progress towards a regional peace settlement). Natural gas would serve at least three goals: increase diversity in energy sources; benefit the environment; and reduce IEC's electric generation costs. Israel is also looking at its own indigenous resources, including oil shale from Nahal Zin in the Dead Sea region, as well as renewables (particularly solar power). In August 1996, the board of directors of IEC approved a private power agreement with Israel's Ormat Turbines Ltd calling for the sale of electricity from a 30-megawatt, $43 million combined cycle plant which will use fuel oil and at least 50% shale oil. Israel also has signed an agreement with MidAtlantic Energy Group of Pittsburgh on a 150-MW shale oil-fired power plant. At the present time, nuclear power is not considered an option for at least 20 years (although Israel already operates a nuclear reactor at Dimona, in the Negev Desert 25 miles west of the Jordanian border).

As part of an effort to increase privatization of Israel electric power sector, Israel's Ministry of Energy has directed IEC to purchase at least 900 MW of power from independent power producers by the year 2005 (of which possibly 150 MW are expected to come from solar and wind facilities). Under a 1996 Electricity Law, the Israeli government has required that 10% of all electricity be produced by the country's private sector. Prime Minister Netanyahu's government has discussed accelerating privatization of the country's electric power sector, including splitting IEC into separate companies and setting up separate privately-owned companies to supply power to Israel's major cities. In February 1997, IEC announced that it planned to float 20% of its equity to finance investments. In June 1997, IEC announced the first tender for a large-scale private power plant in Israel -- a 370 megawatt, dual-fired, combined-cycle plant to be built at Ramat Hovav in the Negev Desert by 2004. Plans to sell off parts of IEC likely will be opposed by trade unions. IEC employees currently enjoy wide privileges, including free electricity.

One area of potential regional cooperation involves integration of individual national power transmission grids into a regional power network. Such a network would, among other benefits, allow power companies to take advantage of differences in peak demand periods, reduce the need for (and the costs associated with) installation and maintenance of reserve generating capacity, and provide outlets for surplus generating capacity (mainly from Israel to Jordan). Israel and Jordan have talked about linking their power grids at some point, and also have discussed several proposed joint power stations, including a 100 MW wind farm and a 150 MW solar thermal plant in the southern Arava desert near Eilat. In addition, IEC has developed plans for potential joint wind power development with Syria in the Golan Heights region should a peace treaty be signed. IEC estimates that up to 10% of future electric supplies could come from outside the country.

COUNTRY OVERVIEW
President: Ezer Weizman (5-year term; since March 24, 1993)
Prime Minister: Benjamin Netanyahu (Elected on 5/31/96)
Independence: May 14, 1948 (from League of Nations)
Population (7/97E): 5.5 million
Location/Size: Eastern Mediterranean/20,770 sq. kilometers, slightly larger than New Jersey
Major Cities: Jerusalem (capital), Tel Aviv, Haifa
Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic, English
Ethnic Groups (1993E): Jewish (82%), Arab and other (18%)
Religions (1993E): Jewish (82%), Muslim (14%), Christian (2%), Druze and other (2%)
Defense (1996E): 175,000 regular forces (army: 134,000, navy: 9,000 air force: 32,000); 430,000 reserves

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
Currency: New Israeli Shekel (NIS)
Market Exchange Rate (12/2/97): US$1 = NIS 3.53
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (1997E): $104.5 billion
Real GDP Growth Rate (1997E): 2%
Inflation Rate (consumer prices, 1997E): 9%
Major Trading Partners: USA, European Community
Merchandise Exports (1997E): $21.1 billion
Merchandise Imports (1997E): $27.6 billion
Major Export Products: Machinery and equipment, cut diamonds, chemicals, textiles and apparel, agricultural products
Major Import Products: Military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, oil, consumer goods
Unemployment Rate (1997E): 7.3%
Total Debt (1997E): $23.5 billion

ENERGY OVERVIEW
Infrastructure/Energy Minister: Ariel Sharon
Proven Oil Reserves (1/1/97E): 4.1 million barrels
Oil Production (1997E): less than 1,000 barrels per day (bbl/d)
Oil Consumption (1996E): 222,000 bbl/d
Crude Oil Refining Capacity (1/1/97E): 220,000 bbl/d
Net Oil Imports (1996E): 221,000 bbl/d
Coal Consumption (1997E): 9.4 million short tons (all of which is imported)
Natural Gas Reserves (1/1/97E): 12 billion cubic feet (bcf)
Natural Gas Consumption (1996E): 0.7 bcf
Electric Generation Capacity (1996E): 6.4 gigawatts (40% coal-fired, 34% oil-fired, 27% gas-fired)
Electricity Generation (1996E): 28 billion kilowatthours

ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW
Total Energy Consumption (1996E): 0.64 quadrillion Btu
Energy Consumption per 1987 Dollar of GDP (1995E): 7.5 thousand Btu (vs. U.S. average of 16.7 thousand Btu)
Energy Consumption per Capita (1996E): 112 million Btu (vs. U.S. average of 352 million Btu)
Energy-related Carbon Emissions (1995E): 14.4 million metric tons (0.2% of world carbon emissions)
Carbon Emissions per Thousand Dollars of GDP (1995E): 0.17 metric tons (vs. U.S. average of 0.26 metric tons)
Carbon Emissions per Capita (1995E): 2.6 metric tons (vs. U.S. average of 5.4 metric tons)
Major Environmental Issues: Limited arable land and freshwater resources, deforestation, air and water pollution.

ENERGY INDUSTRIES
Organization: ­ Israel National Oil Co. Ltd. - State­owned company, responsible for exploration and production; Oil Refineries Limited - Part privatized, runs Israel's 2 refineries at Haifa and Ashdod; Paz Oil, Delek, and Sonol - Israel's three largest oil retailers; National Coal Supply Corporation - government-owned company responsible for Israel's coal supply; Israel Electric Corporation Ltd. - state company responsible for Israel's electric power supply. Major Ports: Ashdod, Haifa
Major Oil and Gas Fields: N.A.
Major Pipelines: Tipline - 800,000 bbl/d (Eilat-Ashkelon); Tapline - closed (Ras Tanura - Haifa)
Major Refineries (crude refining capacity): Haifa (130,000 bbl/d); Ashdod (90,000 bbl/d)

For more information from EIA on Israel, please see:
EIA - Country Information on Israel

Links to other sites:
CIA 1997 World Factbook - Israel
U.S. State Department Consular Information Sheet on Israel
U.S. State Department Background Notes on Israel
U.S. International Trade Administration, Country Commercial Guide - Israel
U.S. Embassy in Israel
Isareli Embassy in the United States
Library of Congress country Study on Israel

The following links are provided solely as a service to our customers, and therefore should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any position of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) or the United States Government. In addition, EIA does not guarantee the content or accuracy of any information presented in linked sites.

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies - Israel
Address and Phone information for the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure

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File last modified: December 9, 1997

Contact:

Lowell Feld
lfeld@eia.doe.gov
Phone: (202)586-9502
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URL: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/israel.htm